Nanocarrier systems loaded with IR780, iron oxide nanoparticles and chlorambucil for cancer theragnostics

• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan-Thang Cao,
• Vy Tran-Anh and
• Hieu Vu Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.17

• cells/well one day prior to the tests. Then, the cells were treated with various particle concentrations (0.5 mg/ mL, 1 mg/mL, and 1.5 mg/mL). Cells treated with CHL and untreated cells were used as controls. Cells were incubated with NPs for 48 and 72 h. The cell viability was evaluated by the MTT

• assay, and the absorbance was read at 562 nm (Biotek ELX800, Agilent, USA). Results The morphology, size, and zeta potential of the particles The hydrodynamic size of the three types of NPs (Figure 1A) ranged from 245 ± 11 nm to 246 ± 2 nm with the polydispersity index (PDI) smaller than 0.12, which

Development and characterization of potential larvicidal nanoemulsions against Aedes aegypti

• Jonatas L. Duarte,
• Leonardo Delello Di Filippo,
• Anna Eliza Maciel de Faria Mota Oliveira,
• Rafael Miguel Sábio,
• Gabriel Davi Marena,
• Tais Maria Bauab,
• Cristiane Duque,
• Vincent Corbel and
• Marlus Chorilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 104–114, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.10

• to 250 mg/mL to the cells for 24 h at 37 °C with 5% CO2. Cell viability was assessed using a colorimetric MTT assay. Cells were exposed to a 10 μL MTT stock solution (5 mg/mL in PBS) and incubated at 37 °C for 2 h. After incubation, the culture medium was replaced with 100 μL of DMSO. The optical

Curcumin-loaded albumin submicron particles with potential as a cancer therapy: an in vitro study

• Nittiya Suwannasom,
• Netsai Sriaksorn,
• Chutamas Thepmalee,
• Krissana Khoothiam,
• Ausanai Prapan,
• Hans Bäumler and
• Chonthida Thephinlap

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1127–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.93

• network, which decreases and prolongs drug release [30]. In vitro interaction of HSA-MPs and CUR-HSA-MPs with cells Cytotoxicity toward tumor cells Cytotoxicity of CUR-HSA-MPs in Huh-7 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines was measured using MTT assay. Notably, HSA-MPs revealed no significant cell death among Huh-7

• hepatocellular carcinoma (Huh-7) and human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cell lines using the colorimetric MTT assay. Human dermal fibroblasts (HDFB) and human cholangiocyte (MMNK-1) cell lines were evaluated as controls for cytotoxicity. Briefly, the cell lines were cultured in cell culture medium containing

• well plates. Cell cytotoxicity was estimated after 24 and 48 h treatment using the MTT assay. In essence, 10 μL of MTT solution in PBS, pH 7.4 (5 mg/mL), was transferred to each well and incubated for 2 h in a humidified incubator with 5% CO2. Mitochondrial enzymes, namely NADPH oxidoreductases, reduce

Structural, optical, and bioimaging characterization of carbon quantum dots solvothermally synthesized from o-phenylenediamine

• Zoran M. Marković,
• Milica D. Budimir,
• Martin Danko,
• Dušan D. Milivojević,
• Pavel Kubat,
• Danica Z. Zmejkoski,
• Vladimir B. Pavlović,
• Marija M. Mojsin,
• Milena J. Stevanović and
• Biljana M. Todorović Marković

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 165–174, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.17

• o-phenylenediamine did not disrupt the cytoplasmic membrane. Cytotoxicity testing Low cytotoxicity is one of the mandatory requirements for biomedical applications. In this paper, we performed cell viability tests by applying the MTT assay toward MRC5 human lung fibroblast cells. Lung fibroblasts

• . After that time bacterial colonies were counted. Cytotoxicity In order to assess the cytotoxicity of CQDs/PU (antiproliferative activity), standard MTT assay and methods suitable for materials testing were used [55][56]. All tests were carried out in triplicate. Human lung fibroblasts (MRC5) cells

In search of cytotoxic selectivity on cancer cells with biogenically synthesized Ag/AgCl nanoparticles

• Mitzi J. Ramírez-Hernández,
• Mario Valera-Zaragoza,
• Omar Viñas-Bravo,
• Ariana A. Huerta-Heredia,
• Miguel A. Peña-Rico,
• Erick A. Juarez-Arellano,
• David Paniagua-Vega,
• Eduardo Ramírez-Vargas and
• Saúl Sánchez-Valdes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1505–1519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.124

• followed the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki. According to the Ethics Committee on Human Beings of the Universidad del Papaloapan (signed informed consent was not needed). Cell viability by MTT assay The MTT assay is based on

Hydroxyapatite–bioglass nanocomposites: Structural, mechanical, and biological aspects

• Olga Shikimaka,
• Mihaela Bivol,
• Bogdan A. Sava,
• Marius Dumitru,
• Christu Tardei,
• Beatrice G. Sbarcea,
• Daria Grabco,
• Constantin Pyrtsac,
• Daria Topal,
• Andrian Prisacaru,
• Vitalie Cobzac and
• Viorel Nacu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1490–1504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.123

• , voltage (mV), and temperature (°C). The precision of the pH measurement was 10−2. MTT assay The MTT assay was performed on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) previously isolated from six-months-old Wistar rat bone marrow, cultured in HiMesoXL™ mesenchymal stem cell expansion medium (HiMedia, India) and stored

• favorable for bone cell proliferation, although a high pH value may be detrimental to optimal osteoblast metabolism [14]. It was shown, for example, that values of pH 7.0–7.5 were optimal for osteoclast differentiation and proliferation [57]. MTT assay and biocompatibility of composites Figure 9 shows the

• results of a preliminary biological study performed by MTT assay regarding the relative viability of the bone marrow STEM cells exposed to HAP- and HAG-based composites. As a control, HAP and HAG ceramics sintered at 1200 °C without glass addition (labeled as HAP-1200 and HAG-1200, respectively) were

Facile preparation of Au- and BODIPY-grafted lipid nanoparticles for synergized photothermal therapy

• Yuran Wang,
• Xudong Li,
• Haijun Chen and
• Yu Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1432–1444, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.118

• plates were further incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. The cell viability was then measured by MTT assay according to our previous report [23]. Statistical analysis All data shown in this article are expressed as mean ± SD for at least three separate experiments. Statistical analysis was performed using the

• activity of AB-LNPs. Anti-proliferative activity of AB-LNPs MTT assay was employed to investigate the viability of 4T1 cells treated with BDP, Au-LNPs, and AB-LNPs for 24 h with or without laser irradiation (680 nm, 0.5 W/cm2, 60 s). A laser wavelength of 680 nm was used for PTT in this study. BDP showed

Biomimetic chitosan with biocomposite nanomaterials for bone tissue repair and regeneration

• Se-Kwon Kim,
• Sesha Subramanian Murugan,
• Pandurang Appana Dalavi,
• Sebanti Gupta,
• Sukumaran Anil,
• Gi Hun Seong and
• Jayachandran Venkatesan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1051–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.92

• osteoblasts and inhibition of the development of osteosarcoma cancer cells in the work by Sumathra et al. (2018). The in vitro experiment was carried out by using the osteosarcoma MG-63 cell line. The MTT assay for the composites showed cell expansion and growth. The anticancer activity of cisplatin-loaded

• graphene oxide/hydroxyapatite/chitosan composites was verified by an MTT assay using A549 cells. The results revealed that the cell viability of A549 cells exceeded 23%, showing that the composites slowed osteosarcoma progression [71]. Graphene oxide-modified chitosan/polyvinylpyrrolidone developed

• evaluated by an MTT assay. The results show that chitosan with 2% of graphene oxide has the highest cell viability. The acridine orange–propidium iodide staining was carried out after 24 h of incubation with developed nanofibers: live cells were stained in green and dead cells were stained in red, which

Gelatin nanoparticles with tunable mechanical properties: effect of crosslinking time and loading

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss,
• Daniel Schorr,
• Julia K. Metz,
• Metin Yildirim,
• Saeed Ahmad Khan and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 778–787, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.68

• line A549 and the human primary cell-derived cell line hAELVi. The cell viability was measured after incubation of blank and FITC-loaded particle formulations in concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 1 mg/mL for 4 h or 24 h with a MTT assay. No time or concentration-dependent reduction of the A549 or

• after substance exposure was calculated based on the absorbance measurements obtained from MTT assay by a percentual ratio to the positive control of 1% Triton X-100 (PanReac AppliChem ITW Reagents, Darmstadt, Germany) and the negative control treated with HBSS according to Equation 1. Statistical

• nanoparticles measured by MTT assay. (A) A549 cells incubated with blank GNPs, (B) hAELVi incubated with blank GNPs, (C) A549 cells incubated with FITC-dextran-loaded GNPs, and (D) hAELVi incubated with FITC-dextran-loaded GNPs. No concentration- or time-dependent cell viability reduction below 80% was

Ethosomal (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate as a novel approach to enhance antioxidant, anti-collagenase and anti-elastase effects

• Çiğdem Yücel,
• Gökçe Şeker Karatoprak,
• Sena Yalçıntaş and
• Tuğba Eren Böncü

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 491–502, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.41

• week) were determined for three months. The 3-(4,5-dimethyldiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to test the cytotoxicity of the formulations and different EGCG solutions on the L929 cell line. The cell permeation properties and inhibitory effects of ETHs and ETHGs on

Coordination-assembled myricetin nanoarchitectonics for sustainably scavenging free radicals

• Xiaoyan Ma,
• Haoning Gong,
• Kenji Ogino,
• Xuehai Yan and
• Ruirui Xing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 284–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.23

• experiments The cytotoxicity of antioxidants is of importance for biomedical applications. Therefore, the cytotoxicity of MZG nanoparticles was assessed by incubating 3T3 cells and determining the cell viability via MTT assay [40]. 3T3 cells were treated with different concentrations of MZG nanoparticles

• nanoparticles was also examined using 3T3 cells and the MTT assay. H2O2 can produce ROS, and a high level of ROS can cause damage to cellular functions and components [41][42]. To explore the antioxidative effect of MZG nanoparticles the LD50 value of H2O2 against 3T3 cells was measured by the MTT assay. The

• cell viability of 3T3 cells decreased with increasing H2O2 concentration (Figure 4b). The LD50 concentration of H2O2 against 3T3 cells was 100 µΜ. Next, cell recovery due to the antioxidant activity of MZG nanoparticles was demonstrated by the MTT assay. After incubating with different concentrations

Photothermal ablation of murine melanomas by Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle clusters

• Xue Wang,
• Lili Xuan and
• Ying Pan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 255–264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.20

• cells. (b) Apoptotic and necrotic rates of A375 cells, as revealed by flow cytometry, after photothermal treatment with 0.0625 mg/ml NPCs under 10 min of NIR irradiation. (c) MTT assay showing viability of A375 cells after their incubation with NPCs at different concentrations with or without NIR

Theranostic potential of self-luminescent branched polyethyleneimine-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

• Rouhollah Khodadust,
• Ozlem Unal and
• Havva Yagci Acar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 82–95, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.6

• µg/mL. This is in agreement with the MTT assay results (Figure 5). The optimized formulation and dose were also applied to HeLa and MCF7 cell lines under identical conditions. Erb-tagged nanoparticles enhanced GFP transfection to HeLa cells but not as much as the transfection observed in HCT116, as

• nanoparticles (Figure 2b). All these nanoparticles exhibit a strong blue emission with a maximum value at 480 nm when excited at 360 nm. In order to evaluate the cytocompatibility of SPION@bPEI as a gene delivery vehicle and determine the therapeutic outcome of PIC delivery by SPION@bPEI to HeLa cells, the MTT

• assay was used (Figure 3). Since the potentially toxic component is bPEI, the doses of the nanoparticles were reported based on their bPEI content (7.6, 15, and 22 μg/mL) determined by TGA. The HeLa cells were also treated with free bPEI for comparison. Free bPEI demonstrated a dose-dependent

Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity in vitro of surface-functionalized drug-loaded spinel ferrite nanoparticles

• Sadaf Mushtaq,
• Khuram Shahzad,
• Tariq Saeed,
• Anwar Ul-Hamid,
• Bilal Haider Abbasi,
• Nafees Ahmad,
• Waqas Khalid,
• Muhammad Atif,
• Zulqurnain Ali and
• Rashda Abbasi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1339–1364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.99

• combating MDR in cancer cells. Functionalized MFe2O4 NPs showed higher IC50 in normal cells as compared to cancer cells The cytotoxicity of drug-loaded NPs was assessed in fresh human lymphocytes to determine their biocompatibility in vitro using the MTT assay. Freshly collected lymphocytes were exposed to

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

Silver nanoparticles induce the cardiomyogenic differentiation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells via telomere length extension

• Khosro Adibkia,
• Ali Ehsani,
• Asma Jodaei,
• Ezzatollah Fathi,
• Raheleh Farahzadi and
• Mohammad Barzegar-Jalali

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 786–797, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.62

• differentiated BM-MSCs were treated with different concentrations of Ag-NPs for 14 days and cell proliferation was examined by MTT assay. As shown in Figure 4, there was a significant difference in the proliferation of cardiomyogenically differentiated BM-MSCs between the treated groups with 2.5 µg/mL of Ag-NPs

• ) formation as cardiac and liver markers [31]. In the present study, the in vitro effect of Ag-NPs was investigated on cardiac differentiation potency as well as TL of MSCs. The suitable concentration of Ag-NPs which prolong the cell viability of MSCs was determined by MTT assay as previously examined by

• and the fluorescent cells were visualized under a fluorescence microscope. Cell proliferation assay by MTT The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay measures the mitochondrial activity of the cells [45]. After the BM-MSCs grew to 70–80% confluence, they were washed

Doxorubicin-loaded gold nanorods: a multifunctional chemo-photothermal nanoplatform for cancer management

• Uzma Azeem Awan,
• Abida Raza,
• Shaukat Ali,
• Rida Fatima Saeed and
• Nosheen Akhtar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 295–303, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.24

• cytotoxicity against HepG2 (carcinogenic) and 3T3 (non-carcinogenic) cells was evaluated. Cells were treated for 12 h with PSS-GNRs and analyzed using the MTT assay. As shown in Figure 4, cells treated with PSS-GNRs had no significant reduction in cell viability compared to control cells. The viability

• 10% FBS and 1% pen–strep. After 24 h of incubation, cells were exposed to different concentrations of PSS-coated GNRs and were allowed to incubate at 37 °C for additional 24 h. Viability was measured by the MTT assay [40]. Hemolysis assay All human blood samples in this study were from healthy

• . After that, cells were illuminated with a 808 nm NIR laser (power density = 1.5 W/cm2 for 2 min) with a beam spot of 6 mm in diameter and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. The MTT assay was performed to measure cell inhibition. (a) TEM image of monodispersed GNRs. (b) Histogram showing the aspect ratio of

Characterization, bio-uptake and toxicity of polymer-coated silver nanoparticles and their interaction with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

• Sahar Pourhoseini,
• Reilly T. Enos,
• Angela E. Murphy,
• Bo Cai and
• Jamie R. Lead

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 282–294, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.23

• differential cellular uptake of NPs [55]. Artifacts in the LDH analysis were observed at the highest concentration and not reported. In this study, we reported a cytotoxicity of AgNPs that started at low concentrations (100 µg·L−1). In some of the previous studies using the MTT assay for measuring cell

Differences in surface chemistry of iron oxide nanoparticles result in different routes of internalization

• Barbora Svitkova,
• Vlasta Zavisova,
• Veronika Nemethova,
• Martina Koneracka,
• Miroslava Kretova,
• Filip Razga,
• Monika Ursinyova and
• Alena Gabelova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 270–281, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.22

• based on the cell viability determined by MTT assay (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S5 and Figure S6). All inhibitors were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Slovakia). The cells exposed to culture medium were used as negative control and cells exposed only to MNPs for 1 h were considered as a

• surface-modified MNPs was 2 mM. RITC-BSA-SO-MNPS were diluted in a phenol-free medium to avoid interference. MTT assay The cytotoxicity of MNPs and endocytic inhibitors in A549 cells was assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay following the protocol by

Effect of different silica coatings on the toxicity of upconversion nanoparticles on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Helena Oliveira and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 35–48, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.3

• UCNP samples. However, this does not go along with a higher cytotoxicity since the thin-coated samples had a higher degree of cytotoxicity in the MTT assay in comparison to the thick-coated particles (Figure 2). The cytotoxicity of the thin-coated samples must have been caused by other effects that did

• ± 2 nm); (C) UC@thick (tSiO2 = 21 ± 3 nm). MTT assay results of silica-coated UCNPs and SiO2 nanoparticles on RAW 264.7 cells. (A) SSC histograms of RAW 264.7 cells after particle exposure for 24 h at 37 °C. UC@thin_NH2 is marked by a blue-framed peak, UC@thick_NH2 is marked by a red-framed peak, and

PEG/PEI-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes as delivery carriers for doxorubicin: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro evaluation

• Shuoye Yang,
• Zhenwei Wang,
• Yahong Ping,
• Yuying Miao,
• Yongmei Xiao,
• Lingbo Qu,
• Lu Zhang,
• Yuansen Hu and
• Jinshui Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1728–1741, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.155

• The in vitro cytotoxicity of different blank nanomaterials and DOX-loaded samples toward MCF-7 cells was assessed by using the MTT assay. In brief, cells were seeded into 96-well plates at a density of 5 × 104 cells per well and attached for 48 h. Then the culture medium was removed, and cells were

Cardiomyocyte uptake mechanism of a hydroxyapatite nanoparticle mediated gene delivery system

• Hiroaki Komuro,
• Masahiro Yamazoe,
• Kosuke Nozaki,
• Akiko Nagai and
• Tetsuo Sasano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1685–1692, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.150

• approximately 1.3 wt % [24]. Cytotoxicity assay Dose-dependent cytotoxicity of HAp/pDNA complexes on HL-1 cells was investigated in the concentration range of 0.1–10 µg/mL. The 3-(4,5-dimethylhiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to assess cytotoxicity. No differences in cell

• ). (d) The FTIR spectra of the HAp nanoparticles in the range of 4000–400 cm−1. The characteristic peaks of HAp are indicated. MTT assay of HL-1 cells treated with HAp nanoparticles for 24 (white bars) and 72 h (black bars) was used to determine cytotoxicity. Non-treated cells were used as the control

Nanoparticles based on the zwitterionic pillar[5]arene and Ag⁺: synthesis, self-assembly and cytotoxicity in the human lung cancer cell line A549

• Dmitriy N. Shurpik,
• Denis A. Sevastyanov,
• Pavel V. Zelenikhin,
• Pavel L. Padnya,
• Vladimir G. Evtugyn,
• Yuriy N. Osin and
• Ivan I. Stoikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 421–431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.33

• held at the accelerating voltage of 80 kV in scanning TEM mode using an Oxford Instruments X-Maxn 80T EDS detector. In vitro cell viability The characterization of the A549 cell viability changes under the pillar[5]arenes 3 and 4 action was performed by the MTT assay. A cell suspension of 150 μL/well

• MS-Excel. To determine the cytotoxicity of the complexes with 3/Ag+ and 4/Ag+ and to obtain a stable mixture of compounds, solutions 3 or 4 and AgNO3 in distilled water was mixed in a molar ratio of 1:10 and incubated for 30 min at 37 °C. The IC50 value using the data obtained in the MTT assay was

Design of a nanostructured mucoadhesive system containing curcumin for buccal application: from physicochemical to biological aspects

• Sabrina Barbosa de Souza Ferreira,
• Gustavo Braga,
• Évelin Lemos Oliveira,
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva,
• Hélen Cássia Rosseto,
• Lidiane Vizioli de Castro Hoshino,
• Mauro Luciano Baesso,
• Wilker Caetano,
• Craig Murdoch,
• Helen Elizabeth Colley and
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2304–2328, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.222

Targeted therapeutic effect against the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 with a CuFe₂O₄/silica/cisplatin nanocomposite formulation

• B. Rabindran Jermy,
• Vijaya Ravinayagam,
• Widyan A. Alamoudi,
• Dana Almohazey,
• Hatim Dafalla,
• Lina Hussain Allehaibi,
• Abdulhadi Baykal,
• Muhammet S. Toprak and
• Thirunavukkarasu Somanathan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2217–2228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.214

• calculation was made for the other doses as indicated in Table 1. Thus, the treatment concentrations used in this experiment for CuFe2O4 were: 0.0084, 0.0168, 0.0336, and 0.168 mg/mL. The treatment concentrations for cisplatin were: 0.001125, 0.00225, 0.0045, 0.0225 mg/mL. Cell viability – MTT assay The cell

• viability was tested using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, which is based on the ability to reduce MTT to formazan crystals. The assay was performed using previously published protocols [15]. Briefly, MTT (Sigma-Aldrich) was dissolved in PBS at 5 mg/mL. The working

• cisplatin [20][21]. To overcome these limitations and to ensure specific tumor targeting, cisplatin/CuFe2O4/HYPS nanoparticles were tested. To investigate the cytotoxic efficiency of cisplatin/CuFe2O4/HYPS nanoparticles, we assessed cell viability using the MTT assay. In that assay, healthy cells will be